Kazi the Podcast E09: Dar es Salaam on Wheels: Gender and Labor in the Bodaboda Sector

Motorcycle taxis, popularly known as bodaboda, have become the lifeblood of Tanzania’s cities. In Dar es Salaam, they are more than just a transport option; they are a symbol of youth resilience, economic survival, and urban transformation.
Since their widespread licensing in the early 2000s, bodabodas have grown into one of the largest sources of youth employment in Tanzania. A 2022 study estimates that between 1.1 and 1.3 million young people are engaged in the business nationwide, numbers that rival employment in agriculture and government services.
For many riders, especially owner-operators, the work is profitable. In Dar es Salaam, gross daily earnings often start at TZS 40,000, with net take-home pay ranging between TZS 5,000 and TZS 25,000 after expenses. The informal transport sector is estimated to contribute up to 20% of Tanzania’s GDP, underscoring its economic significance.
Insights from the Authors
In this episode of Kazi the Podcast, we spoke with two co-authors of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) report:
Michaela Collord, Assistant Professor at the University of Nottingham, highlighted how bodaboda drivers embody the contradictions of informality. While they generate significant income, they remain excluded from labor protections and policy frameworks. She emphasized the need for inclusive regulation that addresses exploitative practices by asset-finance and ride-hailing platforms.
Nice Amon Mwansasu, Organizer at the Communication and Transport Workers Union of Tanzania (COTWU-T), shared his experience working directly with youth labor groups. He stressed that bodaboda drivers are often misunderstood by policymakers, who see them as chaotic rather than as workers striving for sustainable livelihoods. For Nice, grassroots organizing is essential to ensure drivers have a voice in shaping their future.
Together, Michaela and Nice underscored that sustainability for bodaboda drivers means more than income, it means dignity, safety, and recognition as workers.
Gender and Equity Challenges
Despite its vitality, the bodaboda industry remains overwhelmingly male-dominated. Women face steep barriers, from social stigma to heightened risks of gender-based violence in public spaces. Advocates argue that addressing these structural inequalities is essential for building inclusive and equitable livelihoods.
Labor Realities and Organizing
Bodaboda drivers often work under precarious conditions—long hours, income insecurity, and limited access to financing. Grassroots organizing, led by unions such as the Communication and Transport Workers Union of Tanzania (COTWU-T), is helping riders push for recognition and better protections. Yet, integrating these informal initiatives into formal policy remains a challenge.
Regulation and Reform
Attempts to regulate the sector have been episodic, shaped by political cycles and fragmented governance. Meanwhile, fintech platforms and ride-hailing apps are reshaping the labor landscape, offering new opportunities but also deepening precarity. Experts argue that a participatory, bottom-up approach, where drivers themselves help shape policy, is key to sustainable reform.
Looking Ahead
The future of Tanzania’s transport system depends on recognizing informal mobility solutions like bodaboda as central to urban life. A comprehensive transport policy must balance safety, sustainability, and inclusion, while ensuring that drivers—both men and women—are treated as vital contributors to the economy.
Key Takeaways from the discussion:
- Bodaboda drivers are among Tanzania’s largest youth employers.
- The sector contributes significantly to the national economy but remains informal and precarious.
- Gender equity is a pressing challenge, with women facing exclusion and risks.
- Sustainable reform requires inclusive planning, fair regulation, and grassroots participation.
For deeper insights, explore the full Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) report on bodaboda livelihoods at Tanzania.fes.de/publications.
